Metal barriers have been placed around the building to block access from every possible direction, correspondents say.
Indignants, as the protesters are known, say they are protesting at the "kidnapping" of democracy.
Spain's new conservative government has been cutting pay and raising sales tax in an effort to reduce debt.
There is real concern in Europe that Spain may need an international bailout going beyond the 100bn euros (£80bn; $125bn) pledged by eurozone finance ministers in June to rescue its banks.
Tuesday's rally, due to begin at 17:30 (15:30 GMT), is expected to draw thousands of people, with buses reportedly laid on to ferry demonstrators into the capital from the provinces.
One of the main protest groups, Coordinadora #25S, said the Indignants did not plan to storm parliament, only to march around it.
"It will be a non-violent action," she told AFP news agency, asking not to be identified.
"We are not going to prevent members of parliament from entering."
Under Spanish law, people who lead demonstrations outside parliament that disrupt its business while it is in session may be jailed for up to one year, AFP notes.
The Coordinadora #25S manifesto reads: "Democracy has been kidnapped. On 25 September we are going to save it."
Clashes have broken out at previous rallies and marches against the cuts and at least 1,300 police are said to be on duty at the Congress building.
The Spanish government is having to borrow heavily to cope with the effects of a property values collapse, a recession and the worst unemployment rate in the eurozone.
After nine months in government, Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy is still resisting pressure to request a bailout.
His government insists the 100bn-euro pledge does not constitute an international financial rescue.
If Mr Rajoy does request a bailout, it may not happen before late October because of a regional election in his home province, Galicia.
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